Medicine

How does birth in mares?

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:30:34 GMT

Parturition in mares occurs relatively quickly, most often at night. Signs of impending birth in mares are enlargement of the udder and the loosening of pelvic ligaments in which the root of the tail looks like a stilted. One or two days before ozhrebvaneto on teats begin to appear colorless liquid droplets initially and immediately before ozhrebvaneto - colostrum. Very often the day of ozhrebvaneto mare refuses to eat, often sits and looks at his belly. It is interesting to know that the mares are able to keep the process of giving birth to several hours at various confounding factors (mostly noise or unusual situation). Therefore it is desirable to move to another area or in another room just before ozhrebvaneto. Is undesirable and the presence of many people during this process. It is usually not necessary to assist in the birth unless complications occur. If necessary you must seek competent veterinary care.

Normal foals are born, posing with the forelimbs and head resting on them. However, to properly adopt and rear performance (with the hind legs forward). It must be pierced appearing at the beginning of the birth time membranes, as this can cause difficulties at birth. Birth normally lasts 30-40 minutes. Immediately after birth, usually within 2 hours, discard the placenta (afterbirth).

If membranes is on the horse, removed, umbilical cord bind off 4-5 inches from the abdomen and is cut to 2 inches below the Binding. Nose, mouth and ears are cleaned of mucus. Newborn should be immediately dried and allowed the mare to lick it. About half to one hour after ozhrebvaneto foal begins to make attempts to stand. Once successful, it instinctively begins to seek the udder of the mare. If it fails only to orient, to help him. It is very important to zabozae foal from the first milk (colostrum), which contain large amounts of antibodies needed to build immunity. If it can not happen or does not wish to zabozae to 2 hours after birth, should help him or milked colostrum and give it a bottle with a bottle.

Honeydew honey - how it differs from the nectar?

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:25:52 GMT

Bees prepare honey dew of sweet liquid (juice) they collect on certain plants such as oak, maple, willow, pine, spruce, fir, elm, pear, cherries and more. This sweet liquid is called mana, and whence it receives is called honey dew. Elimination is by some species of insects, mainly aphids, which are parasitic on the leaves and young shoot of the plants. These insects feed on the sweet juice, which suck the plants. It was found that where breakthroughs are made for sucking the juice for a long time then continues to flow sweet liquid. Furthermore, the digestive system of these insect species is specially arranged, so that not all of them ingested fluid passes through the stomach. Esophagus develops in their anus tube, forming the so-called. filter chamber. It allows excess sugar to pass straight through the anal opening outwards, and protein and other nutrients necessary for the nutrition of the parasite is retained by the filter chamber and enters the stomach where it is absorbed.

Chemically mana significantly different from the floral nectar. There are also differences in the chemical, physical and biological properties of nectar and honeydew honey.

Freshly isolated mildew is a clear and transparent liquid, which darkens over time. In long-term storage its color becomes almost black. Color change depends on the type of plants and insects, separators, by developing it microflora from the time of collection, etc..

In its chemical composition is different from mana floral nectar. It contains an average of 60% water. Sugars are an essential part of which most are sucrose, glucose and Fruit. Mana is rich in high molecular weight sugars such as trehalose, raffinose and especially melitsitoza which is typical of her and promote crystallization. Especially there are many dextrin. In the honey dew they are about 4-6 times more than in the nectar and act contrary to melitsitozata - prevent crystallization. This explains the difficulty of crystallization of honey dew, despite its greater density. Bees learn dextrin because separate enzymes that degrade them more simple sugars.

Rearing chickens for eggs

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:23:29 GMT

There are two main technologies for rearing for eggs: cellular and floor. More widespread is the cage, but the floor also is widely used in laying parents to obtain fertilized eggs.
Cell raising chickens for eggs

In cage hens were placed in batteries and they remain for about a year - the time that cover one cycle of oviparous.

Cell batteries are composed of individual cells. Batteries may be single or multi, sometimes up to 5-6 floors. The most common are three-cell battery. They have a length of 70-90 meters are installed in specially built premises. Depending on the width of the room there are mounted several batteries. In a furnished cell batteries are kept building up to 15-20 thousand hens. The entire lot hens are accommodated at a time as possible cells for a short time. At the end of cultivation all hens are removed and sent to a slaughterhouse. Room remains empty, clean and wash. Premises and equipment therein shall be disinfected threefold. Then the building is locked and kept at least two weeks clean and disinfected before the introduction of the next batch of birds.

Workers must enter the holding in particular furnished room with bathroom, where dress and bathe. Outsiders are not allowed in birds.

Cell poultry-rearing, and other categories of birds requires more complex equipment and strict observance of certain animal hygiene standards.

Stocking density on laying hens is an essential condition for good productivity and high survival of birds. Each cell battery is equipped with food lines, drip troughs each cell scraper device for cleaning the fertilizer strip for collecting eggs. Indoor air is exchanged through ventilation system.

Buildings for industrial farming hens have no windows. Lighting should be artificial and controlled the length of the day. In pronasyaneto lighting included 10 hours and gradually daytime increased to 16-17 hours. Length of day is never reduced during the laying period because this can lead to a reduction or even termination of yaytsesnasyaneto. The intensity of lighting is also controlled. Very strong lighting makes the birds nervous, sometimes you begin to peck each other or to peck their eggs. Too low light suppresses laying capacity.

Milk yield of the doe - what should I know?

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:19:19 GMT

During the first three weeks postpartum milk is the only food for small rabbits. Therefore, the milk yield of the doe is extremely important for the development and growth of rabbits during this period. On zaytsevadite is well known that the higher milk yield is a doe, the greater is the possibility it better to raise newborn bunnies.

Rabbit milk in its chemical composition is significantly different from the milk of other farm animals.

In terms of dry matter, energy, protein, fat and minerals rabbit milk ranks first. This may explain the rapid growth of newborn rabbits. For example, the live weight of newborn rabbits is doubling day 6 and on day 13 are 10 times heavier than at birth. This intensive growth of newborn rabbits is determined primarily by the quality and quantity of rabbit milk they receive from their mothers. So one of the crucial conditions for obtaining good results in the rabbit is zaykinite to have high milk yield.
How to increase milk yield of zaykinite?

Milk yield of zaykinite vary quite widely - from 50 to 350 g per day, which is determined by the action of the following factors: heredity, health, nutrition, lactation, and weather conditions. Skillful use of these factors zaytsevadite can contribute to a significant increase in milk yield zaykinite. When the team should be allowed bunnies breeding zaykini high milk yield. This is a fundamental requirement to obtain more offspring than one doe. However, nutrition is the main factor by which to increase milk yield of zaykinite. Proper nutrition of lactating zaykini maintain their good physical condition and stimulate mlekoobrazuvaneto and mlekootdelyaneto. During this period overlap mainly succulent feed such as beetroot, carrots, and in summer the main feed should be alfalfa, which is given dim.

Feeding and watching the calves

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:16:06 GMT

Colostrum is the first and indispensable food of the newborn calf. Calves fed with colostrum 1-2 hours after birth. In the first power depending on the particle size of the calf is given by 0.5 to 1 kg colostrum. Then gradually increase its quantity in reaching up to 2 kg per meal, or up to 6-8 kg colostrum per day. Usually calves are fed colostrum 3-4 times a day. Many times and cows are milked. Colostrum contains all the necessary food for the newborn calf and protective substances. Compared with ordinary milk it contains 2.5 to 3 times more dry matter, 4-5 times more protein, more vitamins 4-5 times and 2 times more salts.

Colostrum period lasted about 6 days. Then the milk gradually to normal. During the first 3-4 weeks of calves given only whole milk. From 20-25 days old part of the whole milk is gradually replaced by skimmed milk. At 45 days of age is given only skimmed milk - up to 4-6 months of age when the cease giving milk and replace it with other feed, adequate to ensure normal development of calves. Throughout the period of dairy calves are not allowed to suck from their mothers and fed artificial milk - the first 1-2 months with a bottle, then with a bucket.

As of adult cattle and calves are given concentrated, juicy and roughage. Concentrates are starting to give after 3-week of their age. At a young age is best utilized oats and millet flour. Good food is and wheat bran. Later in the calf ration includes small quantities of maize and barley. With good nutrition and meals are kyuspetata, especially flaxseed. Up to 3 months old calves concentrated feed is not normalized - to be given at will. Usually 6 months old calves receive per day approximately 1,5 to 1.8 kg of concentrated feed.

Feeding and watching the cows

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:13:00 GMT

Milk formation is a complex biological process which is determined by breed survivors and individual characteristics of animals, but the most important and decisive condition for obtaining more and better quality milk is the feeding of cows. Rations of cows should contain the necessary nutrients - protein, carbohydrates, fats - and are rich in vitamins, minerals and others.

Usually 2-3 times a day to feed the cows. Different types of feed are set in the following order: concentrated, juicy (or both simultaneously) and finally roughage.

In winter the cows rations consist of concentrated feed, hay, succulent fodder (silage, fodder beet, etc.). And other coarse and inferior feed (hay, straw, cornstalks). It is desirable before giving their feed have been pre - cut melasirani, stale, etc. When a small quantity hay is given breakfast and lunch in small portions. In winter the cows to water as many times as often as they feed.

Residues in food stall must be cleaned before any re-feeding of cows to avoid decay and fermenting them.

100 kg of live weight is given 1-1.5 kg 3-5 kg hay and silage. The amount of concentrated feed (cereals, bran, oil cake, meals, etc..) Depends on the daily milk yield of cows - to be given 200-300 g of 1 liter of milk. When milk yield for lactating 1800-2200 l and 3.8-4% of milk fat of cows given during winter hay 4-6 kg, 2-4 kg of straw and cornstalks, 20-25 kg succulent forage (silage and beet) and 2-3 kg concentrated feed daily.

In summer, dairy cows are fed mainly by grazing and cut green grass. When grazing is good, only it can feed the cows with daily milk yield 10-15 kg. 100 kg of live weight provides for five kilograms of medium-quality grass, for every liter of milk an extra 3 kg. For example, for cows with live weight of 480 kg and 12 kg daily milk yield should be given 60 kg pasture or mown grass, without any other foods.

Feeding ewes

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:07:24 GMT

Nutrition and proper care of sheep affecting the greatest impact on their physical development and productivity. Well-fed animals have healthy bone, are resistant to diseases and have higher milk yield and fertility.

When considering the demand for feed in productive areas, farmers must know that they refer to highly productive animals with combined rather than domestic sheep.

Important place in feeding sheep for wool, meat and milk (and tankorunni polutankorunni) covers the issue of the structure of the species feed in the annual balance. In high-productivity sheep bred in this country can not be relied upon nutrient needs will be satisfied by grazing. In our pastures are small and most of them are cultivated. To obtain maximum productivity, the structure of rations for ewes should be involved 20-22% concentrates, 13% hay, 25% silage and juicy feeds and 40% green grass and grazing. In the absence of concentrated feed 1 kg of it may be replaced by about 2.5 kg hay, 5.5 to 6 kg of pasture grass or oat-fievo mixture.

And based on that structure of the ration for one sheep with Doina milk yield 110 kg, 4.4 kg valnodobiv and live weight 55 kg is necessary to provide for a permanent year around 150 kg of concentrated feed, hay and 200 kg succulent feed 730 kg 1500 kg silage and grazing and green fodder. Such is the quantity of different types of feed and tankorunnite krosbrednite and sheep with the same live weight, with lower milk yield - 70 kg, but higher valnodobiv - 7 to 7.5 kg.

For tsigayskite sheep live weight 48 kg, 4 kg and valnodobiv milk yield 60 kg require about 130 kg of concentrated feed, hay, 190 kg, 500 kg silage and juicy feeds and about 1300 kg green fodder and grazing.

Ostriches - exotic birds or domestic pets?

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:00:14 GMT

The use of ostrich meat and eggs begin relatively soon, before 150-200 years. Large farms ostriches appear in Egypt, Algeria, New Zealand, Argentina, USA, Australia, Italy, Finland, Belgium, Holland, Britain, France, Germany, Poland and Canada. It is known that ostriches are traditionally grown in tropical countries where temperatures reached 40 ° C, but they adapt well in northern regions.

African ostrich (Struhio camelus) lived 70 years. Female 3 years of age begins to lay eggs. For years she lays 40-50 eggs and preserve their reproductive capabilities 35-40 years. For optimal care and feeding for a year can grow 20 to ostrich meat, the slaughter of them received 840 kg. meat and fat, and 25 m2 fur and feathers for decoration. Neither type of livestock are not able to give a quantity of meat per year.

From ostrich is a red meat diet low in cholesterol, which can be recommended for all ages. Ostriches are omnivorous and can eat a low protein content (12%). Furthermore, green grass, hay and grain in their diet includes beets, carrots, cabbage leaves, waste from processing of fruit and vegetables. If the total cost of broiler meat to feed the proportion is 70-80%, the ostriches in the figure is 50-60%. Adults African ostriches reach height of 2 meters or more, and live weight 160 kg. Females are about 2 meters in height and weighing 110 kg. Usually, the family consists of two females and one male. Females under natural conditions lay their eggs on the ground prepared nest and the male incubating 42-43 days to hatching shtrauschetata.

Ostriches have a finger nail horned, which pierced the shell of the egg. In the steppes and deserts in search of food per day ostriches can travel up to 20 km. In free-running African ostrich reaches 70 km / h. Under natural conditions, African ostriches live 50 years or more. Usually, this bird is not aggressive.

How to recognize sick animals?

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 12:56:14 GMT

Healthy cattle have refreshed appearance, clear and alert eyes. Mucous membranes around the nose and mouth are moist, fresh and with normal temperature. His hair smooth and shiny. An important sign of good health are normal temperature, normal pulse rate and breathing and regular eating and rumination. The normal temperature of cattle is 37,5-39,5 ° C, normal pulse rate - 40-80 beats per minute, and breathing - 12-30 breaths per minute.

Diseased animals is low-spirited, with indifferent glance, without appetite, and reluctantly walked with incomplete step, his hair bristling and dull, temperature, pulse rate and breathing increase. Animal is not experienced or suffered lifeless. Nasal mirror (hairless area around the nose and mouth) is hot and dry, horns and ears getting hot or cool. Stools become abnormal - Rare or hard, with an unpleasant smell and sometimes mixed with blood or mucus. In some cases represented tears, cough, tremor, constipation, swelling, rash, etc..

The temperature is measured with a thermometer. It is inserted gently opening of the rectum (anus) of the animal and attached to its tail. After standing there for at least 5 minutes, remove the thermometer and read temperature. After use, it will be cleared and removed with alcohol or another disinfectant.

Respiratory count by monitoring movements of the chest and the pulse is counted as three fingers are placed on any convenient palpating artery. In cattle, it is convenient artery of the mandible.

General care and treatment of swine

julkaa — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 12:51:34 GMT

Rebuttal old beliefs, home hog stands well ahead in the scale of "intelligence" from other livestock. It requires people who work with swine, to treat them with understanding, patience and calm.

A particular attention is paid to the sows and boars. Contacts and mutual trust, start by setting them in the repair groups, ie of 4-6 months of age.

What you need to follow:

* Room for growing pigs to remove any irritating noises of creaking doors, bash windows, irritating work of the forced ventilation;

* To avoid the high speech and shouting;

* Entry into pens of pigs should be done smoothly without sudden movement;

* Caresses by scratch at the back and belly pigs and bring service staff confidence and stabilize the animal to man;

* While walking animals should not be annoyed by other animals and the noises from operating farm machinery, if walking stick is used, it serves only to guide the animals;

* Pregnant for the first time pigs should be given daily for one minute to massage the udder;

* When the young boar is placed in the first skachki should be directed to his help;

* If sbiyat two male or two mothers, they must be separated immediately with portable barrier, not war;

* Much patience should be exercised to farrow pigs - they are restless and nervous, and sometimes aggressiveness manifested in this case the farmer has to wait to calm down or pour 1 tablespoon oil in her ear - then the pig will reassure quickly.